Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
What is PCOS?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal condition affecting about 1 in 10 women of reproductive age in Australia. It is more prevalent among certain groups, such as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, where it affects approximately 1 in 5 women fact sheet – Jean Hailes] (https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/resources/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos).
What are the symptoms of PCOS?
Symptoms can vary but may include:
– Irregular or absent periods.
– Excessive hair growth on the face and body (hirsutism).
– Acne or oily skin.
– Hair thinning or loss on the scalp.
– Weight gain or difficulty managing weight.
– Darkened patches of skin, often on the neck or underarms.
– Fertility challenges.
What causes PCOS?
The exact cause of PCOS is unknown, but it is linked to genetic factors, insulin resistance, and hormonal imbalances. Women with PCOS often have higher levels of insulin and androgens (male-type hormones), which contribute to the symptoms fact sheet – Jean Hailes](https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/resources/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos).
How is PCOS diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves:
– A review of medical history and symptoms.
– Blood tests to check hormone levels.
– An ultrasound to identify polycystic ovaries (more than 20 follicles in each ovary).
A diagnosis is typically made if two of the following are present:
1. Irregular or absent periods.
2. Signs of androgen excess (e.g., excess hair growth or acne).
3. Polycystic ovaries visible on an ultrasound fact sheet – Jean Hailes](https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/resources/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos).
What are the treatment options for PCOS?
Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and may include:
– Lifestyle changes: Healthy eating and regular exercise to manage weight and improve insulin sensitivity.
– Medications: Hormonal contraceptives to regulate periods, anti-androgen medications for excess hair, and fertility treatments if pregnancy is desired.
– Specialist care: Referral to endocrinologists, dietitians, or fertility specialists for tailored management fact sheet – Jean Hailes](https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/resources/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos).
What are the long-term health risks of PCOS?
If left unmanaged, PCOS can increase the risk of:
– Type 2 diabetes.
– Cardiovascular disease.
– Endometrial cancer.
– Mental health challenges, such as anxiety and depression fact sheet – Jean Hailes] (https://www.jeanhailes.org.au/resources/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos).
What should I do if I think I have PCOS?
If you suspect you have PCOS, consult your doctor. Early diagnosis and management can help reduce symptoms and prevent long-term complications.
How Does PCOS Affect Fertility?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the leading causes of infertility in women. Here’s how it impacts fertility:
1. Irregular Ovulation or Anovulation
PCOS often disrupts the normal ovulation process. High levels of androgens (male- type hormones) and insulin resistance can interfere with the development and release of eggs from the ovaries. This can lead to irregular ovulation or anovulation (no ovulation), making it harder to conceive.
2. Hormonal Imbalances
Women with PCOS typically have higher levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and lower levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). This imbalance affects the maturation of eggs and their release during the menstrual cycle.
3. Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance, common in PCOS, can lead to elevated insulin levels. This, in turn, stimulates the ovaries to produce more androgens, further disrupting ovulation and fertility.
4. Impact on Egg Quality
While PCOS does not directly affect the quality of eggs, the hormonal imbalances and irregular ovulation can reduce the chances of a healthy egg being released.
5. Increased Risk of Miscarriage
Women with PCOS may have a slightly higher risk of miscarriage due to hormonal imbalances and other associated factors, such as obesity or insulin resistance.
6. Endometrial Health
Irregular periods can lead to a thickened uterine lining (endometrium), which may not be optimal for implantation of a fertilized egg.
Improving Fertility with PCOS
The good news is that many women with PCOS can conceive with the right interventions:
– Lifestyle Changes: Weight loss (even 5-10% of body weight) can improve ovulation and increase the chances of conception.
– Medications: Ovulation-inducing medications like clomiphene citrate or letrozole are often prescribed.
– Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART): In vitro fertilization (IVF) may be an option for women who do not respond to other treatments.
If you’re planning to conceive and have PCOS, it’s essential to work closely with a healthcare provider or fertility specialist to develop a tailored plan. Early intervention and management can significantly improve your chances of a successful pregnancy.