Ovarian cysts
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PATIENT INFORMATION
Ovarian Cysts
What are ovarian cysts?
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop in or on the ovaries. They are common and often harmless, with many resolving on their own. However, some cysts can cause symptoms or complications, requiring medical attention.
What are the symptoms of ovarian cysts?
Symptoms may include:
– Pelvic pain or pressure.
– Bloating or swelling in the abdomen.
– Pain during intercourse.
– Changes in menstrual cycles, such as irregular or heavy periods.
– Difficulty emptying the bladder or bowel.
In rare cases, cysts can rupture or twist (ovarian torsion), causing severe pain and requiring emergency care.
What causes ovarian cysts?
Most ovarian cysts form during the menstrual cycle and are called functional cysts.
Other causes include:
– Endometriosis (growth of uterine tissue outside the uterus).
– Hormonal imbalances.
– Pelvic infections.
– Pregnancy.
How are ovarian cysts diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves:
– A pelvic ultrasound to visualize the cyst.
– Blood tests to check hormone levels or markers like CA-125 (used to assess cancer risk in postmenopausal women).
– In some cases, laparoscopy (a minimally invasive surgical procedure) may be used.
What are the treatment options for ovarian cysts?
Treatment depends on the size, type, and symptoms of the cyst:
– Watchful waiting: Many cysts resolve on their own within a few months.
– Medications: Hormonal contraceptives may prevent the formation of new cysts but do not shrink existing ones.
– Surgical options:
– Laparoscopy: Removal of small cysts through keyhole surgery.
– Ovarian cystectomy: Removal of the cyst while preserving the ovary.
– Oophorectomy: Removal of the affected ovary in severe cases.
– Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus and ovaries if the cyst is cancerous.
What are the complications of ovarian cysts?
Complications may include:
– Rupture, causing internal bleeding and severe pain.
– Ovarian torsion, which can cut off blood supply to the ovary.
– Rarely, an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
What do Australian guidelines recommend?
The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG) advises:
– Regular pelvic examinations for early detection.
– Individualized care based on the patient’s age, symptoms, and risk factors.
– Referral to a specialist if malignancy is suspected.
When should I see a doctor?
You should seek medical advice if you experience:
– Sudden, severe pelvic pain.
– Persistent bloating or abdominal discomfort.
– Unusual changes in your menstrual cycle.
For more information, you can refer to resources like [Healthdirect Australia](https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ovarian-cysts) or the [RACGP guidelines](https://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/january-february/investigation-and-management-of-an-ovarian-mass).